[1] I paraphrase Spencer. His own words, in The Man Versus the State, are "failure does not destroy faith in the agencies employed, but merely suggests more stringent use of such agencies or wider ramifications of them." The book was published in 1884 but the quotation is from pg 93 of the 1969 Pelican edition, edited by Donald MacRae.

[2] cited by Robert Ardrey in The Social Contract, Dell Publishing, New York, 1970, pg 82.

[3] Encyclopaedia Britannica CD 98, Bruno, Giordano.

[4] This is said to be Keynes' most famous quote, but it's also one of the hardest to track down. The reason is that it's in the 1936 and 1947 editions of The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money but, apparently, not in later editions. It's possible that Keynes changed his mind, but more likely that his publisher considered the yowls of outraged academics, and the possible effect on the acceptance of Keynes' work as course texts.

[5] John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society, second ed, 1970, New American Library, 1979, pp 33-42.

[6] John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, pg 158 in the 1970 reprint by St. Martin's Press, London.

[7] Jack Weatherford, Indian Givers, Crown, New York, 1988, pg 70.

[8] Andy Turnbull, "Research team studies virus cancer" Kingston Whig Standard Apr 3/65.

[9] Author Laurie Garrett estimates that smallpox killed about 56 million natives of the Americas in the first years of the 'Spanish conquest.' The Coming Plague, Farrar Straus and Giroux, New York, 1994, pg 41.