[1] Robert J. Braidwood, Prehistoric Men, 8th edition, Scott Foreman and Company, Glenview, Ill., 1975, pg 150.
[2] I concede that the Iroquois used to torture captives but so did the Aztecs, the Inca, the Romans, Greeks and other 'civilized' people. Some modern organizations, including the German Gestapo and the American CIA, used electrical devices to make life easier for torturers and harder for their victims.
[3] Most of the most fuel-efficient cars in the world are not sold in North America because they do not meet American 'standards.' In Japan, for example, nearly 30% of the cars in use are the type they call "mini-cars," with engine displacement of 650 cc or less, which burn about half as much fuel as the smallest cars sold in the United States. Italy, France and other countries approve the use of cars with tiny lawnmower-size engines. The smallest cars are not allowed on expressways but they are very efficient in cities, and can be used on many highways.
[4] Keith McArthur, "NAFTA ruling goes against Ottawa", The Globe and Mail, Nov 14/00, pg B1.
[5] For an outline of the kind of harm government-sponsored gambling does to our society see the article "We're all paying for Government's Gambling Addiction," by Bruce Hutchinson, starting on page 47 of the April/97 edition of the Canadian Reader's Digest. For a specific example of a municipal official who helped bring gambling to his town, was hooked himself and wound up embezzling from trust accounts to feed his addiction read the article "Wheel of Misfortune" by Paul Palango, starting on page 36 of the July/August/98 edition of Saturday Night, or the book Losing Mariposa by Doug Little, ECW Press, Toronto, 2002.
[6] Robert Ardrey, African Genesis, Athenaeum, 1961, Dell paperback, 1967), NY.
[7] The number of points assigned to each choice may vary from game to game but the relationship is constant. A successful defector gets a high score, a cooperator gets a medium score and the victim of a defector gets a low score.
[8] Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation, Basic Books Inc., New York, 1984.
[9] At first glance this appears to conflict with the principle of 'survival of the fittest,' but in fact it does not. Because no individual survives for very long, in evolutionary terms, the survival that counts is the survival of the group -- and in a dangerous world a group of people who cooperate with each other are more likely to survive than a group of people who compete with, and sometimes betray, each other.
[10] Axelrod, pg 164.
[11] James R. Rilling, David A. Gutman, Thorsten R.Zeh, Guiseppe Pagnoni, Gregory S. Berns and Clinton D. Kitts, "A neural basis for social cooperation," Neuron, Vol 35, 395-405, July 18/02. All the subjects in this experiment were women. Some people may consider that to be significant but Rapoport's law is gender-neutral, and it applies equally to men and women.
[12] John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, 1859, Pelican, 1979, pg 62.
[13] The definition a system varies, according to who is using the word, but in most cases we know what we are talking about. One definition that I accept is that a system is an organization that will retain its identity through a change of management and/or personnel.
[14] John Kenneth Galbraith, The New Industrial State, third ed, New American Library, 1979, pg 60.
[15] John Kenneth Galbraith, The New Industrial State, third ed, New American Library, 1979, pg 77.
[16] Peter Drucker, Concept of the Corporation, John Day Co., NY, revised ed, 1972, pg 26-27.
[17] Konrad Lorenz, On Aggression 1968 printing, University paperbacks, Methuen, London, pp 124-5.
[18] Konrad Lorenz, On Aggression, 1971 printing, Bantam Books, pp 139-140.